Chemical Composition of Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. The composition varies widely depending on where and how the petroleum was formed. In fact, chemical analysis can be used to fingerprint the source of petroleum. However, raw petroleum or crude oil has characteristic properties and composition. Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil There are four main types of hydrocarbons found in crude oil. paraffins (15-60%)naphthenes (30-60%)aromatics (3-30%)asphaltics (remainder) The hydrocarbons primarily are alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Elemental Composition of Petroleum Although there is considerable variation between the ratios of organic molecules, the elemental composition of petroleum is well-defined: Carbon - 83 to 87%Hydrogen - 10 to 14%Nitrogen - 0.1 to 2%Oxygen - 0.05 to 1.5%Sulfur - 0.05 to 6.0%Metals - 0.1% The most common metals are iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium. Petroleum Color and Viscosity The color and viscosity of petroleum vary markedly from one place to another. Most petroleum is dark brown or blackish in color, but it also occurs in green, red, or yellow. Sources Norman, J. Hyne (2001). Nontechnical guide to petroleum geology, exploration, drilling, and production (2nd ed.). Tulsa, OK: Penn Well Corp. ISBN 978-0-87814-823-3.  Ollivier, Bernard; Magot, Michel (January 1, 2005). Petroleum Microbiology. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology. doi:10.1128/9781555817589. ISBN 978-1-55581-758-9.Speight, James G. (1999). The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum (3rd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-0217-5.

Social Media And Its Effects On Children, Adolescents, And...

Over the past several years’ social media, television, and other collective communication outlets have increasingly been displaying children, adolescents, and adults who are gender nonconforming. In films such as the 1999 Boys Don’t Cry and now the popular television show I am Cait, more attention has been given to those with the current diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria (GD) and/or those who define themselves as â€Å"transgendered† (Zuker et al., 2008). Despite this new attention, there is evidence that gender nonconforming individuals have existed in cultures in what would become the United States since the sixteenth century (Beemyn, 2014). However, the nomenclature, legislation, and societal understanding of those who are gender nonconforming have evolved in the United States, and the ways in which transgender identity has been formulated has greatly changed. These narratives reflect the political and larger societal understandings of gender and sex. In fact as a diagnostic classification, Gender Dysphoria (GD) remains a focus of much contemporary debate; as some critics argue that a formal diagnosis continues the history of pathologizing and stigmatizing groups that express variations from the norm (Zucker Spitzer, 2005). The following paper will outline the development of the diagnostic classification of Gender Dysphoria, and discuss the history of the social, cultural, and legal understanding of gender nonconforming individuals. Historical References of Gender VarianceShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Social Media On Children s Development1067 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract As children are exposed to more and more social media with the increase of technology, it is important that parents minimize the exposure of social media to their children. There are multiple extensive ways in which social media can influence a child’s well-being and development: An influence on their social ability with others, the content of the social media, and the activities that social media replaces such as exercise. Methods that could potentially improve the risk of a child’s well-beingRead MoreThe Effects of Online Media on Adolescents1454 Words   |  6 Pagesimmersed in online media from socializing on networking sites to seeking information on search engines. People of all ages have become reliant on online media, but the most engaged users are the younger, more easily impacted generations. Although there are many positive uses for online media, there are many negative uses as well. Unfortunately, it is all too easy for these negative effects to impede upo n the perceptions of adolescents. Some countries have been trying to reduce this effect by expellingRead MoreMedia Effects On Children And Adolescents1521 Words   |  7 Pagesall surrounding with media, people use the media every day and everything; such as watching television, using the computer, and talking on the phone. On the media we could learn and find out the information that we need. And we can also share our personal information on the media. Media gives us a lot of convenient in our life, but there are also some negative impacts. Media has a lot of negative impacts which it could be affected on children and adolescents. The article â€Å"Media and Risky Behaviors†Read MoreSocial Media s Influence On Mental Health And Overall Quality Of Life1707 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media usage by adolescents must be limited in order to improve mental health and overall quality of life. Adolescent social media activity continues to grow, creating technology dependence in younger generations. Technology remains in its prime throughout the twenty first century with advancements in internet and smartphone capabilities. As technology becomes more accessible to younger generations, minors continue to spend more of their day trapped in a cyber universe and disconnected fromRead MoreThe Effects Of Electronic Devices On Children And Adolescents Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pageshear from their children/adolescent every time it is time to stop using an electronic device. Children and adolescents today spend â€Å"1 to 3 hours per day during the week and between 1 to 4 hours per day on the weekends† (Kappos, A.D. pg. 556) on computer games, viewing videos, watching television and internet surfing to name a few. The use of electronic devices has changed the life of children/adolescent and have exposed them to a volatile and irreparable outcome, in their social interact ion withRead MoreSocial Media Sites Impacting Children and Teens Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesTarget Population The target population are children from the ages 6-12 yrs and teenagers 13-18 yrs. To be eligible the participants must impose the interest of social media. Both male and females are wanted to participate in the research. Limitations My inquiry had various limitations. The quantity of participants would have been more evenly distributed across gender and year in school. Limits also depended on parental guidance and/or permission in allowing kids to take part in the surveyRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media has become a very popular, valuable asset for everyone all over the world. Social media s great to use when reconnecting with an old friend, promoting a new business, or just when one needs a good laugh. While social media has great advantages, it also carries many disadvantages, particularly for the youth. While most adults are not able to let social media consume a large portion of their time, adolescents frequently become consumed in social media. That being said, almost every adolescentRead MoreThe Effects Of Electronic Devices On Children And Adolescents Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pageshear from their children/adolescent every time it is time to stop using an electronic device. Children and adolescents today spend â€Å"1 to 3 hours per day during the week and between 1 to 4 hours per day on the weekends† (Kappos, A.D. pg. 556) on computer games, viewing videos, watching television and internet surfing to name a few. The use of electronic devices has changed the life of children/adolescent and have exposed them to a volatile and irreparable outcome, in their social interaction withRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1648 Words   |  7 Pagesover the past few decades, social media has started to evolve more quickly while pulling in people from all different age groups. Even older adults are joining in on Facebook and Instagram to try and fit in with the new norm social media has created. In a world that is so fast paced, it is difficult to not be pulled into the newest trends, as they are advertised almost everywhere. There are even ways to find a romantic partner with apps and websites. The power social media has can be observed all overRead MoreSocial media is a phrase being thrown around a lot these days, but it can be difficult to answer1400 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media is a phrase being thrown around a lot these days, but it can be difficult to answer the question â€Å"What really is Social media?† Social media is essentially the websites and applications we use to create and share content about our every day lives, through participation on various sites. Information technology (IT) is the category that social networking falls under, and is rapidly changing while being integrated into many areas of modern day Australian life. The reason being, children

The Resemblances In The Wife Of Bath free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Prologue And Tale, From The Canterbury Tales Essay, Research Paper In The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath seems to be one of the more vibrant characters on the pilgrims journey. Dame Alice has extremist positions about adult females and matrimony in a clip when adult females were expected to be inactive toward work forces. There are many things consistent between The Wife of Bath # 8217 ; s prologue and her narrative. The most evident similarities that clearly depict the comparing between the prologue and the narrative are laterality of both adult females over their hubbies, the duplicate of visual aspect between the old beldam and Dame Alice and eventually the world is that the 5th hubby and the knight are really likewise in personality. Although there are some contrasts amid the prologue and the narrative, the resemblance far outweigh them. To commence, The Wife of Bath, Dame Alice, is dominant over all five of her hubbies and although she struggles with her 5th hubby to derive the upper manus in the matrimony, Dame Alice however in the terminal accomplishes her initial purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on The Resemblances In The Wife Of Bath or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dame Alice seems to be merely genuinely happy when she has command over her hubbies. They have to volitionally manus over this power, consciously or unconsciously, because without their consent she has a conflict on her custodies, both disputing the other for ultimate high quality in the relationship. The old beldam, similarly, additions control over her hubby when the knight places her in the regulating place and yet once more as seen in the Wife of Bath # 8217 ; s Prologue, the knight must accept to give up this power in order for the old beldam to get it, for if he had non given her control of the partnership, both would hold continued unhappily. Subsequently, a 2nd relationship between the prologue and the narrative is the description of both the old beldam and the Wife of Bath, at least physically concerned. The Wife of Bath describes herself as old and unenrgetic, # 8220 ; But age, allas, that al wol envenime, Hath me biraft my beautee and my pith. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line 481-482 ) . Although the physical description of Da me Alice is non every bit unpleasant as the portrayal of the old adult female, there is noteworthy apery between the two adult females. The old adult female is described by the knight as, # 8220 ; A fouler creature ther may no adult male devise. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line 1005 ) , the old adult female besides quotes him subsequently as stating she was # 8220 ; foul and old # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line 1219 ) . Due to the similarities of the adult females one could successfully reason that The Wife of Bath, sees herself someplace in the old beldam character, as going the old beldam, yet trusting to transform into the immature and beautiful maiden. Ultimately, the monolithic association between the prologue and the narrative is the similitude between both the 5th hubby, Jankyn and the knight. In the get downing both of the work forces disrespected adult females. Jankyn read from his book of wicked adult females, and at times reading out loud to Dame Alice. For his contempt of adult females he was punished by his married woman when she ripped out the pages in is book. The knight disrespected adult females by harshly go againsting a inaugural # 8217 ; s honor, he to was punished for this and non merely punished but besides punished by a adult female. Jankyn and Dame Alice merely realized echt cloud nine one time Jankyn gives all sovereignty over to his married woman. After he has agreed to that, both he and his married woman live in harmoniousness, # 8220 ; After that twenty-four hours we hadde nevere debat. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: Line 828 ) . The knight every bit good had to give his married woman, the old adult female command i n order to be able to populate blissfully, in allowing her brand her ain determination he was rewarded by populating a bewitching life, # 8220 ; And therefore they live unto hir lives ende In parfit joye. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line: 1264 ) . Consequently, these three claims help back up the impression that the Wife of Bath # 8217 ; s Tale is fashioned to repeat her life, or at least what she described of it in her prologue. The most compelling fact overall was the duplicate personalities and the lessons learnt by her hubby, Jankyn and the knight. Although The Wife of Bath sometimes contradicts herself, basically she comprehends the nexus amongst her prologue and narrative, one could even see the contradictions as the manner she had hoped her life would be.

Microeconomics competition and monopoly

Introduction There are four market types namely; monopoly, monopolistic competition, pure competition and oligopolistic markets (Peterson 1977). Pure monopolies and pure competition firms represent the two extremes of competition which is not easy to find in practice. The following is a review of an example of an organisation in Maryland operating in a pure competition market and one in a pure monopoly market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Microeconomics: competition and monopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Example of a firm operating in a pure competition market Pure competitors such as retail operations however have no control of the market and thus no control over prices (O’Sullivan, Sheffrin, and Perez 2009). A firm in such a market could sell any quantities of its products without influencing the market prices. It is quite difficult to get markets that are purely competitive where buye rs have full knowledge, there are no barriers of entry and exit, buyers can easily switch from one seller to the other, and where there are a large number of buyers and sellers. However, retailers of agricultural commodities could provide a good example of a pure competition market. Some traders have sought to differentiate their farm produce thus reducing price competition in this market. For instance, since consumers are becoming more health; conscious, traders of farm produce are venturing into natural foods in place of GMOs whereas packaging is also gaining prominence as a differentiation tool. Market for agricultural products is set to change resulting to a decline in price competition. Traders are seeking other forms of competitive fronts such as packaging and focus of healthy products. Therefore, the market is set to convert into monopolistic competition where differentiation is critical. Suppliers should therefore brace themselves for non-price competition. Example of a pure monopoly Monopolies are organisations operating in a market where a firm has full control of the market. Such markets are characterized by a large single supplier of a product with no close substitutes. Monopolies such as oil producing companies face no competition and can influence market prices by regulating quantity supplied. In practice, it is very difficult to get a pure monopoly since there are very few, if any, products that do not have close substitutes. Berlin Municipal Electric Company is however a good example of a monopoly firm. It is the sole operator in electric supply industry of Berlin Municipal.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main factors contributing towards this monopoly is mainly the huge initial investment outlay required to invest in the electric sector and the government restrictions. The Municipal electric companies are therefore mainta ined so as to reduce electricity costs and thus they do not compete with other private producers. They purchase energy in bulk and offer to consumers at cost with no profit motive. Their existence is therefore protected by the government. The market might change with the increased popularity of alternative sources of power and proliferation of private power producers. To ensure that power is still affordable to the citizens, the government should offer subsidies to suppliers of clean energy. Municipal power suppliers should also be allowed to compete with private suppliers so as to ensure power is supplied in an efficient manner. Conclusion Pure competition and pure monopolies might not be sustainable in future. Traders in pure competitive markets will seek to differentiate their products whereas new entrants will cause monopoly powers to cease for pure monopolies. Reference O’Sullivan, A., Sheffrin, S., and Perez, S., (2009). Microeconomics principles, applications and tools , seventh edition. Prentice Hall Peterson, W., (1977). Introduction to economics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall This research paper on Microeconomics: competition and monopoly was written and submitted by user Christina Wagner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Three-Strikes Law

â€Å"The 3-Strikes Law† In early 1994 the state Legislature made changes to the Penal Code Statute section 667. This section, along with 1170.12, which had been approved in November of 1994, is part of the Penal Code that encompasses the â€Å"three-strikes and you’re out† law. Without knowing the true nature of Proposition 184, the voters passed it anyways. We are now experiencing the many pitfalls of this law, and our prison system is seeing a dramatic increase in numbers of non-violent criminals that are being incarcerated for long periods of time. As of March 7, 1994 if someone commits a crime that is considered a felony and they have one previous violent conviction or a serious felony such as burglary of an unoccupied dwelling they are sentenced to twice the amount of time recommended by law. They must also serve 80% of this time without the hope of getting time off for good behavior. You will find that the definition of â€Å"violent† and â€Å"serious† are different and are based on the current conviction prior to March 8, 2000. Violent offenses include murder, robbery of a residence in which a deadly or dangerous weapon is used, rape and other sex offenses. Serious offenses include the same offenses defined as violent offenses, but also include other crimes such as burglary of a residence and assault with the intent to commit robbery or rape (Three, 1). Proposition 21 went into affect in March of 2000. There are other disturbing mandates of this â€Å"3-Strikes Law.† The court may not grant someone that is previously convicted of a violent or serious felony, who is convicted of one or more new felonies, probation (Mullins, 1). A person sentenced under this may not be committed to any other facility but to a prison. A person sentenced under this law may only get sentencing credits limited to a maximum of twenty percent (Mullins, 3). This law also does not allow plea-bargaining. Three-strikes doesn’t allow for p... Free Essays on Three-Strikes Law Free Essays on Three-Strikes Law â€Å"The 3-Strikes Law† In early 1994 the state Legislature made changes to the Penal Code Statute section 667. This section, along with 1170.12, which had been approved in November of 1994, is part of the Penal Code that encompasses the â€Å"three-strikes and you’re out† law. Without knowing the true nature of Proposition 184, the voters passed it anyways. We are now experiencing the many pitfalls of this law, and our prison system is seeing a dramatic increase in numbers of non-violent criminals that are being incarcerated for long periods of time. As of March 7, 1994 if someone commits a crime that is considered a felony and they have one previous violent conviction or a serious felony such as burglary of an unoccupied dwelling they are sentenced to twice the amount of time recommended by law. They must also serve 80% of this time without the hope of getting time off for good behavior. You will find that the definition of â€Å"violent† and â€Å"serious† are different and are based on the current conviction prior to March 8, 2000. Violent offenses include murder, robbery of a residence in which a deadly or dangerous weapon is used, rape and other sex offenses. Serious offenses include the same offenses defined as violent offenses, but also include other crimes such as burglary of a residence and assault with the intent to commit robbery or rape (Three, 1). Proposition 21 went into affect in March of 2000. There are other disturbing mandates of this â€Å"3-Strikes Law.† The court may not grant someone that is previously convicted of a violent or serious felony, who is convicted of one or more new felonies, probation (Mullins, 1). A person sentenced under this may not be committed to any other facility but to a prison. A person sentenced under this law may only get sentencing credits limited to a maximum of twenty percent (Mullins, 3). This law also does not allow plea-bargaining. Three-strikes doesn’t allow for p...

Policing Academic Journal Article Critique Essay

Policing Academic Journal Article Critique - Essay Example The Journal does not directly agrees or disagrees with the talk. However, it does mention a lot of suggestions for the Police Department. Original police data regarding criminal activity was used in making and presenting this white paper. In fact there is hardly any personal view of authors (Johnson & Reitzel, 2011). It is a research on a case study about the Richmond , Virginia Police Department. The sponsors for this paper include International Police Executive Symposium (IPES). I agree that with the modern scientific tools such as networking the police can identify an area where people or groups might be involved in crimes or who might commit them in future. There is no better way to deal with criminal activity than taking measures in advance. It is very easy to make adjustments in retrospective and in reaction to criminal activities but the real success of the Police Department lies when actions are taken to prevent a crime. There is hardly anything in the research papers that I disagree with. However, I do disagree when the authors say on page 19 (Johnson & Reitzel, 2011) that it would have been better if the data has been collected through agency of the individual. I do not think that it would have helped much because retrieving data from the Police Department only gives it perspective and context. But I also understand that this data did not help reflecting the knowledge of the Police Department as it only showed what the police already knew. Besides the method of retrieving data, there is another issue that I think the authors should pay more attention to. They have analyzed one model in one city of the US however the working paper is for the international police community. There should have been recommendations so that the paper could have become more useful for everyone participating in the symposium. What works in one city in the US doesnt necessarily mean that it will also be successful in Denmark or Sweden. It is

LAW Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

LAW - Case Study Example One of the iconic pioneers of law in health issues was Dr. John Snow (Goodman, et al 3). This came after an outbreak of cholera and thus states had to enact proper rules to regulate the spread of this contagious disease. The practice of Medicine is entwined to the practice of Law (Corfield, et al 1). Thus, medical practitioners at one point or another are required to give either written or oral evidence in courts of law. This study relates to the application of law in medical situations over a period of time. There are four sources of law. These are: the Constitution, Statutes, Decisions and Rules of administrative agencies and Court decisions (Stelner 5).In most states, there is a department concerned with law relating to healthcare issues. Another external source of law is the International law (Stelner 9). Under the International law, state agencies are allowed to surrender the privacy of medical information of their citizens travelling to foreign countries. This study will look i nto six different scenarios. Workforce scenario 1 In the first scenario, Cayce Pollard, the new African-American nurse has to undergo several health tests before being hired at Big City Hospital, BCH despite the fact that she is a licensed nurse. Licensing of health practitioners is done to ensure that only the qualified individuals undertake the delicate duty of health provision. This is to protect the interest of the public (Stelner 84). This is an example of Common Law only applying to the terms of employment in BCH. She is also not allowed to smoke, both at work and off duty and should her BMI exceed 26, she has to pay higher premiums for her insurance cover. Agreeing to these terms by both parties makes it an Implied Contract. In the first instance where a mother does not want her baby to be attended to by an African-American, she feels offended. However, this falls under Charting by Exception. Since there was a chart indicating that she could not attend to the baby, it would b e a criminal offence for her to do the contrary. In the second instance, her male colleagues have been sexually harassing her which is against the code of ethics at BCH.Her senior, whom she is supposed to report to also, enjoys the sexually explicit content that the other two use to harass her sexually. Though she knows that this amounts to punishable crime, she resorts to remain silent. However, according to state laws, this does not amount to crime since Quid Pro Quo applies in instances where a senior or fellow staff solicits sexual favor in order to grant a promotion or other work related favors. Also she has noticed that Bernard, her colleague might be a drug user and might cause problems while in duty. Upon reporting the matter to the supervisor, all their lockers are searched but against their consent. This is an instance of invasion of privacy. On another instance, Cayce and her friend Ivy discriminate their colleague Robert. They both discriminate him on gender arguing that male nurses are not competent. Ivy also discriminate him racially saying she does not like the Chinese. Negligence scenario 2 In the first instance, Dr. Yang diagnoses Ms. Campbell with PCS and Compound P which are new drugs being tested on patients. This he does with the aim of prolonging her life despite her being not eligible for the drugs but only after she accepts to take it. Though the drugs did tremendously help other patients, Mrs. Campbell’s condition worsened and she developed fever and rashes. Upon realizing this, the doctor prescribes Gallacticol, a drug that is approved for treating asthma. Her conditions became worse and she died. The doctor expected her to live for three or more months even after injecting her with Compound P but due to his negligence in not prescribing