The Resemblances In The Wife Of Bath free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Prologue And Tale, From The Canterbury Tales Essay, Research Paper In The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath seems to be one of the more vibrant characters on the pilgrims journey. Dame Alice has extremist positions about adult females and matrimony in a clip when adult females were expected to be inactive toward work forces. There are many things consistent between The Wife of Bath # 8217 ; s prologue and her narrative. The most evident similarities that clearly depict the comparing between the prologue and the narrative are laterality of both adult females over their hubbies, the duplicate of visual aspect between the old beldam and Dame Alice and eventually the world is that the 5th hubby and the knight are really likewise in personality. Although there are some contrasts amid the prologue and the narrative, the resemblance far outweigh them. To commence, The Wife of Bath, Dame Alice, is dominant over all five of her hubbies and although she struggles with her 5th hubby to derive the upper manus in the matrimony, Dame Alice however in the terminal accomplishes her initial purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on The Resemblances In The Wife Of Bath or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dame Alice seems to be merely genuinely happy when she has command over her hubbies. They have to volitionally manus over this power, consciously or unconsciously, because without their consent she has a conflict on her custodies, both disputing the other for ultimate high quality in the relationship. The old beldam, similarly, additions control over her hubby when the knight places her in the regulating place and yet once more as seen in the Wife of Bath # 8217 ; s Prologue, the knight must accept to give up this power in order for the old beldam to get it, for if he had non given her control of the partnership, both would hold continued unhappily. Subsequently, a 2nd relationship between the prologue and the narrative is the description of both the old beldam and the Wife of Bath, at least physically concerned. The Wife of Bath describes herself as old and unenrgetic, # 8220 ; But age, allas, that al wol envenime, Hath me biraft my beautee and my pith. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line 481-482 ) . Although the physical description of Da me Alice is non every bit unpleasant as the portrayal of the old adult female, there is noteworthy apery between the two adult females. The old adult female is described by the knight as, # 8220 ; A fouler creature ther may no adult male devise. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line 1005 ) , the old adult female besides quotes him subsequently as stating she was # 8220 ; foul and old # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line 1219 ) . Due to the similarities of the adult females one could successfully reason that The Wife of Bath, sees herself someplace in the old beldam character, as going the old beldam, yet trusting to transform into the immature and beautiful maiden. Ultimately, the monolithic association between the prologue and the narrative is the similitude between both the 5th hubby, Jankyn and the knight. In the get downing both of the work forces disrespected adult females. Jankyn read from his book of wicked adult females, and at times reading out loud to Dame Alice. For his contempt of adult females he was punished by his married woman when she ripped out the pages in is book. The knight disrespected adult females by harshly go againsting a inaugural # 8217 ; s honor, he to was punished for this and non merely punished but besides punished by a adult female. Jankyn and Dame Alice merely realized echt cloud nine one time Jankyn gives all sovereignty over to his married woman. After he has agreed to that, both he and his married woman live in harmoniousness, # 8220 ; After that twenty-four hours we hadde nevere debat. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: Line 828 ) . The knight every bit good had to give his married woman, the old adult female command i n order to be able to populate blissfully, in allowing her brand her ain determination he was rewarded by populating a bewitching life, # 8220 ; And therefore they live unto hir lives ende In parfit joye. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line: 1264 ) . Consequently, these three claims help back up the impression that the Wife of Bath # 8217 ; s Tale is fashioned to repeat her life, or at least what she described of it in her prologue. The most compelling fact overall was the duplicate personalities and the lessons learnt by her hubby, Jankyn and the knight. Although The Wife of Bath sometimes contradicts herself, basically she comprehends the nexus amongst her prologue and narrative, one could even see the contradictions as the manner she had hoped her life would be.

Microeconomics competition and monopoly

Introduction There are four market types namely; monopoly, monopolistic competition, pure competition and oligopolistic markets (Peterson 1977). Pure monopolies and pure competition firms represent the two extremes of competition which is not easy to find in practice. The following is a review of an example of an organisation in Maryland operating in a pure competition market and one in a pure monopoly market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Microeconomics: competition and monopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Example of a firm operating in a pure competition market Pure competitors such as retail operations however have no control of the market and thus no control over prices (O’Sullivan, Sheffrin, and Perez 2009). A firm in such a market could sell any quantities of its products without influencing the market prices. It is quite difficult to get markets that are purely competitive where buye rs have full knowledge, there are no barriers of entry and exit, buyers can easily switch from one seller to the other, and where there are a large number of buyers and sellers. However, retailers of agricultural commodities could provide a good example of a pure competition market. Some traders have sought to differentiate their farm produce thus reducing price competition in this market. For instance, since consumers are becoming more health; conscious, traders of farm produce are venturing into natural foods in place of GMOs whereas packaging is also gaining prominence as a differentiation tool. Market for agricultural products is set to change resulting to a decline in price competition. Traders are seeking other forms of competitive fronts such as packaging and focus of healthy products. Therefore, the market is set to convert into monopolistic competition where differentiation is critical. Suppliers should therefore brace themselves for non-price competition. Example of a pure monopoly Monopolies are organisations operating in a market where a firm has full control of the market. Such markets are characterized by a large single supplier of a product with no close substitutes. Monopolies such as oil producing companies face no competition and can influence market prices by regulating quantity supplied. In practice, it is very difficult to get a pure monopoly since there are very few, if any, products that do not have close substitutes. Berlin Municipal Electric Company is however a good example of a monopoly firm. It is the sole operator in electric supply industry of Berlin Municipal.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main factors contributing towards this monopoly is mainly the huge initial investment outlay required to invest in the electric sector and the government restrictions. The Municipal electric companies are therefore mainta ined so as to reduce electricity costs and thus they do not compete with other private producers. They purchase energy in bulk and offer to consumers at cost with no profit motive. Their existence is therefore protected by the government. The market might change with the increased popularity of alternative sources of power and proliferation of private power producers. To ensure that power is still affordable to the citizens, the government should offer subsidies to suppliers of clean energy. Municipal power suppliers should also be allowed to compete with private suppliers so as to ensure power is supplied in an efficient manner. Conclusion Pure competition and pure monopolies might not be sustainable in future. Traders in pure competitive markets will seek to differentiate their products whereas new entrants will cause monopoly powers to cease for pure monopolies. Reference O’Sullivan, A., Sheffrin, S., and Perez, S., (2009). Microeconomics principles, applications and tools , seventh edition. Prentice Hall Peterson, W., (1977). Introduction to economics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall This research paper on Microeconomics: competition and monopoly was written and submitted by user Christina Wagner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Three-Strikes Law

â€Å"The 3-Strikes Law† In early 1994 the state Legislature made changes to the Penal Code Statute section 667. This section, along with 1170.12, which had been approved in November of 1994, is part of the Penal Code that encompasses the â€Å"three-strikes and you’re out† law. Without knowing the true nature of Proposition 184, the voters passed it anyways. We are now experiencing the many pitfalls of this law, and our prison system is seeing a dramatic increase in numbers of non-violent criminals that are being incarcerated for long periods of time. As of March 7, 1994 if someone commits a crime that is considered a felony and they have one previous violent conviction or a serious felony such as burglary of an unoccupied dwelling they are sentenced to twice the amount of time recommended by law. They must also serve 80% of this time without the hope of getting time off for good behavior. You will find that the definition of â€Å"violent† and â€Å"serious† are different and are based on the current conviction prior to March 8, 2000. Violent offenses include murder, robbery of a residence in which a deadly or dangerous weapon is used, rape and other sex offenses. Serious offenses include the same offenses defined as violent offenses, but also include other crimes such as burglary of a residence and assault with the intent to commit robbery or rape (Three, 1). Proposition 21 went into affect in March of 2000. There are other disturbing mandates of this â€Å"3-Strikes Law.† The court may not grant someone that is previously convicted of a violent or serious felony, who is convicted of one or more new felonies, probation (Mullins, 1). A person sentenced under this may not be committed to any other facility but to a prison. A person sentenced under this law may only get sentencing credits limited to a maximum of twenty percent (Mullins, 3). This law also does not allow plea-bargaining. Three-strikes doesn’t allow for p... Free Essays on Three-Strikes Law Free Essays on Three-Strikes Law â€Å"The 3-Strikes Law† In early 1994 the state Legislature made changes to the Penal Code Statute section 667. This section, along with 1170.12, which had been approved in November of 1994, is part of the Penal Code that encompasses the â€Å"three-strikes and you’re out† law. Without knowing the true nature of Proposition 184, the voters passed it anyways. We are now experiencing the many pitfalls of this law, and our prison system is seeing a dramatic increase in numbers of non-violent criminals that are being incarcerated for long periods of time. As of March 7, 1994 if someone commits a crime that is considered a felony and they have one previous violent conviction or a serious felony such as burglary of an unoccupied dwelling they are sentenced to twice the amount of time recommended by law. They must also serve 80% of this time without the hope of getting time off for good behavior. You will find that the definition of â€Å"violent† and â€Å"serious† are different and are based on the current conviction prior to March 8, 2000. Violent offenses include murder, robbery of a residence in which a deadly or dangerous weapon is used, rape and other sex offenses. Serious offenses include the same offenses defined as violent offenses, but also include other crimes such as burglary of a residence and assault with the intent to commit robbery or rape (Three, 1). Proposition 21 went into affect in March of 2000. There are other disturbing mandates of this â€Å"3-Strikes Law.† The court may not grant someone that is previously convicted of a violent or serious felony, who is convicted of one or more new felonies, probation (Mullins, 1). A person sentenced under this may not be committed to any other facility but to a prison. A person sentenced under this law may only get sentencing credits limited to a maximum of twenty percent (Mullins, 3). This law also does not allow plea-bargaining. Three-strikes doesn’t allow for p...

Policing Academic Journal Article Critique Essay

Policing Academic Journal Article Critique - Essay Example The Journal does not directly agrees or disagrees with the talk. However, it does mention a lot of suggestions for the Police Department. Original police data regarding criminal activity was used in making and presenting this white paper. In fact there is hardly any personal view of authors (Johnson & Reitzel, 2011). It is a research on a case study about the Richmond , Virginia Police Department. The sponsors for this paper include International Police Executive Symposium (IPES). I agree that with the modern scientific tools such as networking the police can identify an area where people or groups might be involved in crimes or who might commit them in future. There is no better way to deal with criminal activity than taking measures in advance. It is very easy to make adjustments in retrospective and in reaction to criminal activities but the real success of the Police Department lies when actions are taken to prevent a crime. There is hardly anything in the research papers that I disagree with. However, I do disagree when the authors say on page 19 (Johnson & Reitzel, 2011) that it would have been better if the data has been collected through agency of the individual. I do not think that it would have helped much because retrieving data from the Police Department only gives it perspective and context. But I also understand that this data did not help reflecting the knowledge of the Police Department as it only showed what the police already knew. Besides the method of retrieving data, there is another issue that I think the authors should pay more attention to. They have analyzed one model in one city of the US however the working paper is for the international police community. There should have been recommendations so that the paper could have become more useful for everyone participating in the symposium. What works in one city in the US doesnt necessarily mean that it will also be successful in Denmark or Sweden. It is

LAW Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

LAW - Case Study Example One of the iconic pioneers of law in health issues was Dr. John Snow (Goodman, et al 3). This came after an outbreak of cholera and thus states had to enact proper rules to regulate the spread of this contagious disease. The practice of Medicine is entwined to the practice of Law (Corfield, et al 1). Thus, medical practitioners at one point or another are required to give either written or oral evidence in courts of law. This study relates to the application of law in medical situations over a period of time. There are four sources of law. These are: the Constitution, Statutes, Decisions and Rules of administrative agencies and Court decisions (Stelner 5).In most states, there is a department concerned with law relating to healthcare issues. Another external source of law is the International law (Stelner 9). Under the International law, state agencies are allowed to surrender the privacy of medical information of their citizens travelling to foreign countries. This study will look i nto six different scenarios. Workforce scenario 1 In the first scenario, Cayce Pollard, the new African-American nurse has to undergo several health tests before being hired at Big City Hospital, BCH despite the fact that she is a licensed nurse. Licensing of health practitioners is done to ensure that only the qualified individuals undertake the delicate duty of health provision. This is to protect the interest of the public (Stelner 84). This is an example of Common Law only applying to the terms of employment in BCH. She is also not allowed to smoke, both at work and off duty and should her BMI exceed 26, she has to pay higher premiums for her insurance cover. Agreeing to these terms by both parties makes it an Implied Contract. In the first instance where a mother does not want her baby to be attended to by an African-American, she feels offended. However, this falls under Charting by Exception. Since there was a chart indicating that she could not attend to the baby, it would b e a criminal offence for her to do the contrary. In the second instance, her male colleagues have been sexually harassing her which is against the code of ethics at BCH.Her senior, whom she is supposed to report to also, enjoys the sexually explicit content that the other two use to harass her sexually. Though she knows that this amounts to punishable crime, she resorts to remain silent. However, according to state laws, this does not amount to crime since Quid Pro Quo applies in instances where a senior or fellow staff solicits sexual favor in order to grant a promotion or other work related favors. Also she has noticed that Bernard, her colleague might be a drug user and might cause problems while in duty. Upon reporting the matter to the supervisor, all their lockers are searched but against their consent. This is an instance of invasion of privacy. On another instance, Cayce and her friend Ivy discriminate their colleague Robert. They both discriminate him on gender arguing that male nurses are not competent. Ivy also discriminate him racially saying she does not like the Chinese. Negligence scenario 2 In the first instance, Dr. Yang diagnoses Ms. Campbell with PCS and Compound P which are new drugs being tested on patients. This he does with the aim of prolonging her life despite her being not eligible for the drugs but only after she accepts to take it. Though the drugs did tremendously help other patients, Mrs. Campbell’s condition worsened and she developed fever and rashes. Upon realizing this, the doctor prescribes Gallacticol, a drug that is approved for treating asthma. Her conditions became worse and she died. The doctor expected her to live for three or more months even after injecting her with Compound P but due to his negligence in not prescribing

Effectiveness of Policies on Effects of Death in England

Effectiveness of Policies on Effects of Death in England How effective were government policies in mitigating the effects of dearth in England during the period 1500 – 1850? INTRODUCTION Look up ‘dearth’ in a modern dictionary and you will see it defined as ‘scarcity’, but in 16th and 17th century England ‘dearth’ could for many mean death. Although the spelling is near enough, a ‘dearth’ or scarcity (mainly applied to grain, which made up the staple diet of beer and bread) originated from the now quaint word ‘dear’ meaning expensive. And when food was too expensive the bulk of the population would starve; despite the philanthropy of the wealthy and the inadequate poor laws, which changed little for centuries after its first incarnation under Queen Elizabeth I. This was seen, particularly before the enlightenment, but surviving into in the 18th century, as the fault of the poor themselves who perhaps inadvertently had overloaded their sin quota and brought forth the ‘wrath of God’ who then visited upon the unfortunate sinners bad harvests and the consequential famines that followed. â€Å"For the removal of those heavenly judgements which our manifold sins and provocations have most justly deserved, and with which Almighty God is pleased to visit the iniquities of the land by a grievous scarcity and dearth of diverse articles of sustenance and necessaries of life†[1] Although this might sound like a Cromwellian outburst it was actually written in the mid-18th century, providing proof positive for the masses that any misfortune which might arise (death, famine, etc.) was not by any fault of the ruling elite, but by powers beyond even kings, despite their ‘divine rights’. But just in case the religious concept was not enough to quell any disturbances arising out of a starving population, laws had to be passed which, for example, forbade meetings of more than three men, and of not more than a dozen to be assembled at anytime or anywhere. As with everything, words have a history. They are moulded by historical events and people. But they do not usually expire completely, instead they change. ‘Dearth’ was a far more ominous and morbid word to the people of the 16th, 17th, and 18th century than it is to the modern ear. During the 17th century, starting in the late 16th, Governments were resistant to intervene in periods of dearth, though a form of protectionism was practised, to offset extremes of supply and demand, abundance and dearth, which was altered and revised when needs be. With a minimum and maximum price allowable for the exporting and importing of grain. A totally free market did not arrive until 1570. But as the price restrictions were instituted at a local and not governmental level the laws were not difficult to circumvent. Smuggling, for example, was practised, and easy to get away with, and it is true that smuggling was probably widely engaged upon. Add to this such things as bribery and corrupt local officials and it is easy to imagine a thriving black market sector within the price constraints. This state of affairs begs the question of why did centralised government distance itself from intervention in the corn trade, and leave it to localised administration to implement any government protectionist policies? Opinions vary amongst historians but just two possibilities posited cite the City of London’s preoccupation with largely its own affairs, with its own idiosyncratic system, and the fact that abundance and dearth were largely regional and varied at different times and in different parts of the country. When central government did intervene, due to a particularly bad dearth, it is questionable whether intervention was instigated with an altruistic motive through amelioration of some of the more dreadful sufferings of the populace, or with a view to quell any disorder that might arise. Another interesting government policy that was sometimes practiced was the demonisation of alcohol, hoping that the populace would more easily subsist on more bread and less beer. W hen deaths from epidemic diseases, which were ubiquitous in this era, are taken into consideration, mortality rates still show a definite rise in years of serious dearth. Modern era economic problems are usually controlled by such methods as manipulation of the cash flow and trade agreements between different nations or economic blocs. But there was a tradition, which tailed off during the course of the 18th century, of sustaining a viable price/market equilibrium by means of monitoring disturbance and discontent amongst the populace. This method, a fairly simple equation, disturbance = government intervention, form low-level intervention to more extreme protectionist legislation. Even in pre-industrial agrarian societies autarky was a constant goal for government but seldom reached simply because what commodity might be abundant in one country might be scarce in another. Also it must be borne in mind that often disturbances, some violent, were the only means at a disenfranchised populace’ disposal to express grievances. Often, particularly in depressed periods, disturbance and rioting were so endemic as to present these events or â€Å"rebell ions of the belly’’[2] as hardly worth commenting upon; by contemporary commentators and modern historians alike. A comment by Professor Barnes is fairly typical, â€Å"In general these disturbances were more or less alike, and hence nothing is gained by giving a detailed account of each one† [3] Dearth was, in these times, not only a fairly frequent occurrence but was part of the popular consciousness. It was ever present in the minds of government and governed alike. In the case of government, future dearths could cause a considerable threat to public order and social stability, thus causing some deal of worry. In these times of no effective policing agency, social stability was maintained by the prevailing ruling elite’s ideology, which involved a complex inter-relationship between government and governed, crown and nobility, landowners and workers; and the monitoring by government of dearth can, with historical evidence, be seen as a major factor in the maintenance of social stability in the post-feudal/nascent industrial-capitalist society. An additional problem for government was the fact that dearth was difficult to foresee and could arise within a short period of time. In a society going through fundamental structural changes, the rise of a merchant class, for example, dearth was a perennial problem, and a major one. The ruling elites had a real fear of unrest amongst the labouring poor, who themselves had very justifiable grievances. Indeed, it must have been patently obvious amongst many of the poor, despite lack of education, that it was their toil that kept the nobility in such splendour. This is not to say that much of the populace, perhaps the majority, accepted their lot in life. Many â€Å"never took noe lewd course for to rong any man. Nor yet rune about the country as others have done †¦ for corne †¦ took it by violen[ce]†.[4] What was the poors understanding of the courses of dearth? These were varied, obviously bad harvests and religious superstition played a part, but also the system of enclosure was thought to be a cause. In effect, enclosure acted as a means to raise the price of corn, and often accentuated the problem of dearth. Others believed that dearth was caused deliberately by speculators to whom dearth would have been financially advantageous. Thus, dearth was caused by, â€Å"many loaders that buy †¦ upp †¦ whoole loades and carry it away and so make corne at such an excessive rate; although there is corne enough†[5] This demonisation of middlemen was expediently taken up by government, who pronounced against â€Å"evill disposed persons unthankfull to God and without pitty towards poore men, [who] by their engrossing of grayne and other abuses will make want amidst plentifulness and continew still the affliction of the poore by their malice†[6] This was not merely propaganda. Some measures to control middlemen were indeed placed on statute. Why events such as the Peterloo massacre had not happened earlier was in no small measure due to the fact that before the influx of agricultural workers into the newly industrialised towns and cities, practically everyone was illiterate apart from the ruling elites, and the organisation of any demonstration was hampered by the fact that dialects varied so much, thus even nearby villagers had some difficulty comprehending each other. Also, as England changed from a subsistence economy to a money economy and agriculture became more commercialised, dearths decreased in frequency. In a subsistence economy, such as in the feudal period, there was little incentive for peasants to produce more than they could subsist on as this would be surplus that could not be capitalised on, as in a money economy. Subsequently dearth usually meant that although grain was scarce, there would be just enough to subsist on. Very bad harvests though, frequently led to mass starvation and deaths. Dearths and f amines were interpreted as nature’s way of balance. If the population grew too large, then this would result in too many mouths to feed, leading to famine and deaths which would bring the population down to manageable proportions. In Malthus’ book ‘An essay on the principle of population’ he argued just that.[7] Malthus the clergyman even argued against any poor relief, as this would upset what he saw as nature’s, checks and balances. Poor relief, instituted by government, was as a result of a great famine of the 1590s, (at this time in England’s history there were indeed too many mouths to feed, which went someway towards a vindication of Malthus’ theory). CONCLUSION Between 1500 and 1850 England was in a transitional period from a post-feudal, largely mercantile society into an industrial/capitalist society. As peasant workers migrated into the new industrial cities and towns society underwent a fundamental change. Workers began to congregate in much larger numbers than the agricultural society of scattered villages. After the enlightenment people were no longer so willing to accept dearths and famines as being an inevitable occurrence in a strictly hierarchical world with God at the apex, and began to question government excuses and reasons for dearths and famines. But government was spared increased disturbance and social unrest simply because dearths became less commonplace. The Peterloo massacre of 1819, which was a peaceful demonstration against the corn laws as they stood at that time, was due more to the ineptitude of local magistrates and somewhat drunken soldiers, than to the demonstration itself, which might easily have passed off peac efully. Therefore this event really lends itself to being somewhat out of context within the period discussed in this essay. Paradoxically, once the socio-economic conditions made it more favourable for peasants to look elsewhere to hire their labour in a money-economy, this could often make their plight worse. Landlords, at a time when peasants were virtually their property, at least had to ensure that their workers were sufficiently fed and nourished to work. When workers started working for money, there was no such check or balance, if the worker could not afford food he would starve. From this period, particularly the early period of the 15th and 16th centuries, a paucity of written records of dearth is an obvious impediment to historians. These were not written about in the main because many, if not most, contemporary writers simply did think that there was any real need for these events to be written down and recorded. And as written records did increase, the occurrence of dearth became less for the reasons discussed above. To people living at the time, dearths and famines were events which they probably thought would last in perpetuum, and as they varied in occurrence and in different regions at different times, a truly comprehensive systematic record is problematic for the modern historian. The corollary to this situation is that the effectiveness of government to mitigate the effects of dearth in this period is difficult to gauge. The fact that wars and epidemics were also prevalent during this period adds a further difficulty to an assessment when attemptin g to link dearth, and particularly famine, to morbidity rates as a determinant towards the assessment of government success in the mitigation of dearths and famines. It would be fair to say though, that government was successful merely because of the fact that society held together, unlike revolutionary France. But not so much as in the amelioration of the conditions under which the poor laboured, but successful in that no major riots are recorded. Therefore it could be argued that government was successful in mitigating, if to mitigate is taken in the meaning of as to lessen, social unrest and disorder and maintaining the status quo. Altruism towards its subjects was not high on the agenda of government and crown, and where it was practiced towards the poor it was the mainly the result of a perceived Christian duty towards relieving the lot of the poor, rather than any philanthropic motive, and an aid, through the poor law, in maintaining social order. To summarise; with the aid of religion, protection of subsistence living standards by the means of poor relief, price control and demonisation of ‘middlemen’, along with the fact that any disturbances or riots that did occur were regional, thus preventing a general nationwide uprising; successive governments through 1500 1850 could be deemed to have been effective towards the mitigation of the effects of dearth and famine. References Rose, R.B. ‘Eighteenth Century Price Riots and Public Policy in Early Modern England’. International Review of Social History, 6. Royal VanGorcum, The Netherlands, 1961. R.B. Outhwaite, Dearth, Public Policy and Social Disturbance in England 1550 – 1800, Macmillan, London, 1991. John Walter and Keith Wrightson, Dearth and the Social Order in Modern England, Rebellion, Proper Protest and the Social Order, ed. Slack, Cambridge University Press, 1984. Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 1 Footnotes [1] Page 15, R.B. Outhwaite, Dearth, Public Policy and Social Disturbance in England, 1550 – 1800, Macmillan, London, 1991. [2] Page 278, Rose, R.B. ‘Eighteenth Century Price Riots and Public Policy in Early Modern England’. International Review of Social History, 6. Royal VanGorcum, The Netherlands, 1961. [3] Ibid. [4] Page 114, John Walter and Keith Wrightson, Dearth and the Social Order in Early Modern England, Rebellion, Proper Protest and the Social Order, ed. Slack, Cambridge University Press, 1984. [5] Page 116, Ibid. [6] Page 117, Ibid. [7] Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.

Leper Lepelliers Functions As A Minor Character :: essays research papers

Upon returning to his school fifteen years after graduating, Gene Forrester, recalled his days at the Devon School in a surreal sense. In his own words, â€Å"In the deep, tacit way in which feeling becomes stronger than thought, I had always felt that the Devon School came into existence the day I entered it, was vibrantly real while I was a student there, and then blinked out like a candle the day I left.† Helping embellish this reality were his friends, including Leper Lepellier, who appeared in only five scenes in A Separate Peace. Elwin â€Å"Leper† Lepellier’s role as a minor character was vital to the story, although not nearly as visible as Gene’s or Finny’s. His appearances stole the attention of the reader, altered each character’s own perceptions of the war, and forced the main character to act and think in ways he would not have otherwise. Chapter Ten’s journey to Leper’s Christmas location is a trip away from Devon both physically and emotionally. Leper steals the scene by inviting Gene to his home, proceeding to unsettle the reader to the extent that he cannot concentrate on the other characters. Quiet and subdued, Leper spent much of his time outdoors, sketching snails and trees, photographing beaver dams. He was what Brinker so scornfully called a naturalist. This gentle hobby extracted virtually no interest from the reader, besides a knowledge of Leper’s eccentric and lonely personality. Because he predictably behaved this way, reading the few tortured pages of his hallucinations in the army elicits strong emotion and reader interest; Finny and the Devon group of friends were insignificant compared to the horrific images Leper conjured in the reader’s mind. Gene felt the same emotions as the reader: â€Å"Don’t tell me who’s got me and who hasn’t got me. Who do you think you’re talking to? Stick to your snails, Lepellier.† Shocked at what his friend has become, Gene mentions his naturalistic manner, hoping to straighten him out. At this point, the reader is as helpless as Gene, wondering why Leper has changed, what the hallucinations mean, and most importantly, what will happen to between them in the pages to come. Leper also directs the reader back to Finny’s accident, pointing a guilty finger at Gene when he says he and everyone he knew were all â€Å"savages underneath.† When Gene finally runs out of Vermont and away from Leper’s insanity, the reader now has another view on Finny’s accident.